![]() ![]() c, Ion-selective electrodes with three different structures, including recording of the potential ( E) for target quantification. Voltammetric biosensing of proteins or nucleic acids using an antibody-modified or nucleic acid-modified electrode through multistep sandwich sensing, one-step binding-induced folding sensing or one-step proximity binding-based affinity sensing, including the current–potential ( i– E) curve and i signal for target quantification. b, Amperometric biosensing of metabolite targets based on an enzyme electrode, including the current–time ( i– t) curve and the i signal for quantification. For example, the electrochemical glucose meter, the most successful commercial POC biosensing device, has been widely used across the globe to help patients with diabetes.Ī, Schematic representation of electrochemical biosensors based on different biochemical receptors and detection probes. Thus, POC diagnostics are expected to play a key role in revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of major global diseases. The World Health Organization stipulates that POC biosensors should be affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid, robust, equipment free and deliverable to end users to enable on-site testing and diagnosis in the daily routines of individual patients and consumers. ![]() As such, electrochemical biosensors hold great promise for the development of POC diagnostic devices. Moreover, the signal produced through affinity recognition of the target analyte by the biorecognition element can be amplified by physical, chemical or biological strategies, which greatly improves detection sensitivity. In addition, electrochemical signals, such as electrical current and potential, can be collected by simple, portable and low-cost peripheral instruments with low power consumption. 1a) because they can be easily miniaturized, batch fabricated and integrated with an electronic acquisition module on a single chip. Although various biosensors have been developed for the sensitive and selective detection of a range of disease-related molecules, clinical translation of biosensors remains limited owing to difficulties in integrating and miniaturizing biosensors into portable devices.Īmong the different biosensing platforms, electrochemical biosensors, which integrate the biorecognition element in an electrochemical transducer (for example, an electrode or field-effect transistor) are particularly suitable for device integration 3, 4, 5 (Fig. Biosensors were initially developed for point-of-care (POC) testing of biomolecular targets in the hope of extending clinical analysis from specialized laboratories to public settings, including hospitals, non-hospital nursing settings or home settings 2. According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 2, a biosensor is a self-contained, integrated, analytical device, in which a biological recognition element (biochemical receptors, including enzymes, antibodies, antigens, peptides, DNA, aptamers or living cells) is retained in direct spatial contact with a transduction element (such as electrochemical, optical and mechanical transducers). Electrochemical biosensors are self-contained, analytical devices, in which a biological recognition element is in direct contact with an electrochemcial transduction element to allow the sensitive and specific detection of analytes.ĭepending on the design and sensor type, health-related and disease-related biomarkers, such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and cells, can be rapidly analysed in different body fluids, including blood, saliva and tears.Įlectrochemical biosensors, including amperometric, voltammetric, potentiometric, organic electrochemical transistor, photoelectrochemical and electrochemiluminescent sensors, can be integrated into wearable, portable and implantable devices to enable point-of-care diagnostics and health monitoring.Ĭommercialization and broad point-of-care applicability of integrated electrochemical biosensors will require improvements in stability, sensitivity, reproducibility, multiplexing, and digitalization and, importantly, low-cost materials and easy fabrication methods.īiosensors have been widely applied in clinical, industrial, environmental and agricultural analyses since Leland Clark Jr introduced the amperometric glucose enzyme electrode in 1962 (ref. ![]()
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